2020
|
 | Rodosthenous, Christos Εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση στο Τεχνολογικό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου με Χρήση του Moodle Presentation 07.11.2020. @misc{rodosthenous2020.moodle,
title = {Εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση στο Τεχνολογικό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου με Χρήση του Moodle},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous},
url = {https://youtu.be/EoRqHMFUMZE?t=17025
https://pretalx.ellak.gr/moodlemoot2020/talk/XWVWUS/},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-11-07},
booktitle = {MoodleMoot 2020},
keywords = {distance education, e-learning, eLearning Platform},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
|
 | Holdt, Špela Arhar; Zviel-Girshin, Rina; Gajek, Elżbieta; Durán-Muñoz, Isabel; Bago, Petra; Fort, Karën; Hatipoğlu, Ciler; Kasperavičienė, Ramunė; Koeva, Svetla; Konjik, Ivana Lazić; Miloshevska, Lina; Ordulj, Antonia; Rodosthenous, Christos; Volodina, Elena; Weber, Tassja; Zanasi, Lorenzo Language Teachers and Crowdsourcing: Insights from a Cross-European Survey. Journal Article In: Rasprave, vol. 46, no. 1, 2020. @article{rodosthenous_2020.4,
title = {Language Teachers and Crowdsourcing: Insights from a Cross-European Survey.},
author = {Špela Arhar Holdt and Rina Zviel-Girshin and Elżbieta Gajek and Isabel Durán-Muñoz and Petra Bago and Karën Fort and Ciler Hatipoğlu and Ramunė Kasperavičienė and Svetla Koeva and Ivana Lazić Konjik and Lina Miloshevska and Antonia Ordulj and Christos Rodosthenous and Elena Volodina and Tassja Weber and Lorenzo Zanasi},
url = {https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=toc&id_broj=19344},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-02},
journal = {Rasprave},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
publisher = {Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje},
address = {Zagreb},
keywords = {crowdsourcing, distance education, Language learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017
|
 | Rodosthenous, Christos Distance Education at the Open University of Cyprus – eClass eLearning Platform Presentation 02.12.2017. @misc{Rodosthenous2017c,
title = {Distance Education at the Open University of Cyprus – eClass eLearning Platform},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous},
url = {https://moodlemoot.org/mootgr17/athens/
https://vimeo.com/album/4904562/video/248135689
},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-02},
keywords = {distance education, distance education tools, eLearning Platform},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
|
 | Rodosthenous, Christos; Constantinou, Evgenia; Themistocleous, Panagiotis Empowering Educators with Digital Skills in a Distance Learning University Presentation 03.07.2017. @misc{Rodosthenous2017bb,
title = {Empowering Educators with Digital Skills in a Distance Learning University},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous and Evgenia Constantinou and Panagiotis Themistocleous},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-07-03},
series = {The 46th LIBER Annual Conference},
abstract = {Empowering Educators with digital skills in a distance learning University
The new digital era and the new learning trends, overtake the traditional model of education and training. Educators need to acquire and harness new digital skills to cultivate a more open and transparent research lifecycle. The Open University of Cyprus (OUC) is the only public higher education institution in Cyprus that offers recognized academic programmes at higher levels of education, using the open and distance learning methodology. The academic programmes offered by the OUC are international, career-oriented and fit the needs of a continuously evolving economy for the development of new skills and new career paths. These programs include undergraduate, postgraduate, PhDs and vocational training courses which are delivered online, through a state of the art eLearning platform that supports virtual classrooms, coursework submissions, content delivery and a suite of collaboration tools.
In this work, we present the methodology and infrastructure used to train and empower the educators of the Open University of Cyprus (OUC) in using the information tools, the library resources and knowledge content available, while delivering online courses to students.
Furthermore, we emphasize on the infrastructure that supports the educational methodology, which includes the eLearning Platform and the Library services. This infrastructure is also used for supporting the creation of educational content suitable for distance learning. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the training needs is presented, followed by the steps taken to design and deliver a training course appropriate for the OUC educators. This training course is delivered during the academic year and includes various formats of training material, such as electronic resources, digital objects and webinars.
In this technological environment, the OUC Library Service aims to provide a wide range of electronic as well as conventional sources such as international databases, e-Journals, e-books, digital collections and resources, offering comprehensive knowledge to its members and to the whole academic community.
Training programmes are provided, on how to use the electronic library through the eClass eLearning platform, aiming to familiarize its users in searching and retrieving data from electronic information sources, repositories and archives that the Library Service offers them access to.
In addition, distance seminars are provided to educators on how to use the “Kypseli” digital repository, search and upload theses and dissertations published throughout the academic year. In parallel, training on how to prepare their digital collections for hosting them on the digital repository is also delivered to interesting parties. Focus is also given on informing educators and researchers for publishing their work using Open Access.
The results of the training process are supported by analytics gathered during the years of application. These analytics include metrics of educational material usage, watch times for on-demand videos and participation in the online seminars.
Concluding this work, we aim in sharing our experiences of training and supporting the academic community of the OUC with the rest of the information specialist communities that share a common interest in this cause.},
keywords = {digital literacy, distance education},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Empowering Educators with digital skills in a distance learning University
The new digital era and the new learning trends, overtake the traditional model of education and training. Educators need to acquire and harness new digital skills to cultivate a more open and transparent research lifecycle. The Open University of Cyprus (OUC) is the only public higher education institution in Cyprus that offers recognized academic programmes at higher levels of education, using the open and distance learning methodology. The academic programmes offered by the OUC are international, career-oriented and fit the needs of a continuously evolving economy for the development of new skills and new career paths. These programs include undergraduate, postgraduate, PhDs and vocational training courses which are delivered online, through a state of the art eLearning platform that supports virtual classrooms, coursework submissions, content delivery and a suite of collaboration tools.
In this work, we present the methodology and infrastructure used to train and empower the educators of the Open University of Cyprus (OUC) in using the information tools, the library resources and knowledge content available, while delivering online courses to students.
Furthermore, we emphasize on the infrastructure that supports the educational methodology, which includes the eLearning Platform and the Library services. This infrastructure is also used for supporting the creation of educational content suitable for distance learning. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the training needs is presented, followed by the steps taken to design and deliver a training course appropriate for the OUC educators. This training course is delivered during the academic year and includes various formats of training material, such as electronic resources, digital objects and webinars.
In this technological environment, the OUC Library Service aims to provide a wide range of electronic as well as conventional sources such as international databases, e-Journals, e-books, digital collections and resources, offering comprehensive knowledge to its members and to the whole academic community.
Training programmes are provided, on how to use the electronic library through the eClass eLearning platform, aiming to familiarize its users in searching and retrieving data from electronic information sources, repositories and archives that the Library Service offers them access to.
In addition, distance seminars are provided to educators on how to use the “Kypseli” digital repository, search and upload theses and dissertations published throughout the academic year. In parallel, training on how to prepare their digital collections for hosting them on the digital repository is also delivered to interesting parties. Focus is also given on informing educators and researchers for publishing their work using Open Access.
The results of the training process are supported by analytics gathered during the years of application. These analytics include metrics of educational material usage, watch times for on-demand videos and participation in the online seminars.
Concluding this work, we aim in sharing our experiences of training and supporting the academic community of the OUC with the rest of the information specialist communities that share a common interest in this cause. |
2016
|
 | Rodosthenous, Christos; Themistocleous, Panagiotis; Mavrotheris, Stathis; Christodoulides, Christopher Developing An Academic Institutional Repository. The Case Of The Open University Of Cyprus Proceedings Article In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN2016), pp. 1175-1183, IATED, Barcelona, Spain, 2016, ISSN: 2340-1117. @inproceedings{Rodosthenous2016c,
title = {Developing An Academic Institutional Repository. The Case Of The Open University Of Cyprus},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous and Panagiotis Themistocleous and Stathis Mavrotheris and Christopher Christodoulides},
url = {https://www.christosrodosthenous.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/DEVELOPING_AN_ACADEMIC_INSTITUTIONAL_REPOSITORY-preprint.pdf},
doi = {10.21125/edulearn.2016.1243},
issn = {2340-1117},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-07-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN2016)},
pages = {1175-1183},
publisher = {IATED},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
series = {8th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies},
abstract = {The amount of digital content produced nowadays, is enormous. Academic institutions produce and make available a plethora of digital objects like research articles, thesis, dissertations, reports, audiovisual collections and many others. In addition, academic libraries digitize materials to create collections of historical, political or scientific significance and are responsible for keeping, preserving, archiving and publishing the content produced by their students and academic personnel. Aiming in that direction, the Open University of Cyprus, an institution responsible for delivering distance learning at the Republic of Cyprus, designed and deployed “Kypseli” Institutional repository.
In this work, the authors depict the methodology and tools used for building an academic Institutional repository using opensource tools at the Open University of Cyprus. Moreover, the procedures used for publishing content and the integration of the repository to the rest of the University’s infrastructure are analyzed, along with the challenges faced during the implementation and deployment phase.In addition, a number of metrics are presented, accompanied by statistics of usage.},
keywords = {academic repository, digitization, distance education, e-learning},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The amount of digital content produced nowadays, is enormous. Academic institutions produce and make available a plethora of digital objects like research articles, thesis, dissertations, reports, audiovisual collections and many others. In addition, academic libraries digitize materials to create collections of historical, political or scientific significance and are responsible for keeping, preserving, archiving and publishing the content produced by their students and academic personnel. Aiming in that direction, the Open University of Cyprus, an institution responsible for delivering distance learning at the Republic of Cyprus, designed and deployed “Kypseli” Institutional repository.
In this work, the authors depict the methodology and tools used for building an academic Institutional repository using opensource tools at the Open University of Cyprus. Moreover, the procedures used for publishing content and the integration of the repository to the rest of the University’s infrastructure are analyzed, along with the challenges faced during the implementation and deployment phase.In addition, a number of metrics are presented, accompanied by statistics of usage. |
 | Rodosthenous, Christos; Christoforou, Petros; Epiphaniou, Michalis; Matheou, Georgia; Mavrotheris, Stathis; Christodoulides, Christopher Building an infrastructure for empowering Distance Education in the Open University of Cyprus Proceedings Article In: Ubachs, George; Konings, Lizzie (Ed.): Proceedings of the Online, Open and Flexible Higher Education Conference (OOFHEC2016), EADTU, Rome, 2016. @inproceedings{Rodosthenous2016,
title = {Building an infrastructure for empowering Distance Education in the Open University of Cyprus},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous and Petros Christoforou and Michalis Epiphaniou and Georgia Matheou and Stathis Mavrotheris and Christopher Christodoulides},
editor = {George Ubachs and Lizzie Konings},
url = {https://www.christosrodosthenous.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/OOFHEC2016_FINAL_submission.pdf
http://conference.eadtu.eu/images/Proceedings/Conference_proceedings_2016_defcompressed2.pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Online, Open and Flexible Higher Education Conference (OOFHEC2016)},
publisher = {EADTU},
address = {Rome},
abstract = {Universities worldwide offer distance education courses through a number of channels. There is a plethora of courses offered either as part of official Programs of Study that lead to a degree or even as Vocational Training Programs or as MOOCS. The Open University of Cyprus (OUC) is the only higher education organization in Cyprus dedicated to distance education using an innovative eLearning Platform named eClass.
The eClass eLearning Platform is the main educational medium of the Open University of Cyprus that hosts a number of services, courses, educational content and activities. The scope of this paper is to describe the eLearning Platform and the offered services that are integrated under its umbrella, like the Video Lecture and Streaming service, the Synchronous Learning service and the Plagiarism Detection service. Moreover, this paper presents an overview of how this platform is integrated to the University’s infrastructure for user creation and management, student enrolments and library services. We conclude by presenting metrics of the eLearning Platform usage.},
keywords = {distance education, eLearning Platform, infrastructure, Moodle},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Universities worldwide offer distance education courses through a number of channels. There is a plethora of courses offered either as part of official Programs of Study that lead to a degree or even as Vocational Training Programs or as MOOCS. The Open University of Cyprus (OUC) is the only higher education organization in Cyprus dedicated to distance education using an innovative eLearning Platform named eClass.
The eClass eLearning Platform is the main educational medium of the Open University of Cyprus that hosts a number of services, courses, educational content and activities. The scope of this paper is to describe the eLearning Platform and the offered services that are integrated under its umbrella, like the Video Lecture and Streaming service, the Synchronous Learning service and the Plagiarism Detection service. Moreover, this paper presents an overview of how this platform is integrated to the University’s infrastructure for user creation and management, student enrolments and library services. We conclude by presenting metrics of the eLearning Platform usage. |
 | Santos-hermosa, Gema; Basich, Paul; Rodosthenous, Christos; Lappa, Evagelia; Bitter-Rijpkema, Marlies; Truyen, Fred Library's Knowledge Resources for students and teaching staff in digital universities from EADTU Proceedings Article In: Ubachs, George; Konings, Lizzie (Ed.): Proceedings of the Online, Open and Flexible Higher Education Conference (OOFHEC2016), EADTU, Rome, 2016. @inproceedings{Santos-hermosa2016,
title = {Library's Knowledge Resources for students and teaching staff in digital universities from EADTU},
author = {Gema Santos-hermosa and Paul Basich and Christos Rodosthenous and Evagelia Lappa and Marlies Bitter-Rijpkema and Fred Truyen},
editor = {George Ubachs and Lizzie Konings},
url = {https://www.christosrodosthenous.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PaperinOOFHEC2016_GSantos-Hermosa.pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Online, Open and Flexible Higher Education Conference (OOFHEC2016)},
publisher = {EADTU},
address = {Rome},
abstract = {Arising from work on a Vision and Strategy Appraisal of the UKOU Library Services, and with facilitation from EADTU, a comparative study was done of four distance teaching university library services functions in terms of support to students and teaching staff: FernUniversität; Open Universiteit Nederland (library services supplied by Maastricht University); Universitat Oberta de Catalunya; and Athabasca University. All participants agreed to share conclusions with each other, with the UK Open University, and with other members of EADTU. The workshop presented at OOFHEC 2016 will begin with brief presentations on the comparative study process and overall conclusions. Other members of the Working Group who took part will give brief highlights of their institutional summary reports. The majority of time at the workshop will be used for small-group working. Precise topics will depend on delegate types and numbers but the following are likely to be of interest:
1. Extending the comparative study to other institutions active in distance and blended learning
2. Integrating such studies with existing national/international review schemes for libraries, and how
to update such schemes to cater for “digital libraries”
3. How to ensure that that the library contributes to good results in benchmarking/review schemes at institution level, in particular E-xcellence and OpenUpEd.
},
keywords = {distance education},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Arising from work on a Vision and Strategy Appraisal of the UKOU Library Services, and with facilitation from EADTU, a comparative study was done of four distance teaching university library services functions in terms of support to students and teaching staff: FernUniversität; Open Universiteit Nederland (library services supplied by Maastricht University); Universitat Oberta de Catalunya; and Athabasca University. All participants agreed to share conclusions with each other, with the UK Open University, and with other members of EADTU. The workshop presented at OOFHEC 2016 will begin with brief presentations on the comparative study process and overall conclusions. Other members of the Working Group who took part will give brief highlights of their institutional summary reports. The majority of time at the workshop will be used for small-group working. Precise topics will depend on delegate types and numbers but the following are likely to be of interest:
1. Extending the comparative study to other institutions active in distance and blended learning
2. Integrating such studies with existing national/international review schemes for libraries, and how
to update such schemes to cater for “digital libraries”
3. How to ensure that that the library contributes to good results in benchmarking/review schemes at institution level, in particular E-xcellence and OpenUpEd.
|
2015
|
 | Christoforou, Petros; Rodosthenous, Christos; Epiphaniou, Michalis; Mavrotheris, Stathis; Christodoulides, Christopher Deploying new services in the Open University of Cyprus eLearning Platform – Our experiences Proceedings Article In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED2015), pp. 6108–6116, IATED, 2015, ISSN: 2340-1079. @inproceedings{CHRISTOFOROU2015DEP,
title = {Deploying new services in the Open University of Cyprus eLearning Platform – Our experiences},
author = {Petros Christoforou and Christos Rodosthenous and Michalis Epiphaniou and Stathis Mavrotheris and Christopher Christodoulides},
url = {https://www.christosrodosthenous.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/DEPLOYING-NEW-SERVICES-IN-THE-OPEN-UNIVERSITY-OF-CYPRUS-ELEARNING-PLATFORM-–-OUR-EXPERIENCES-FINAL.pdf
https://library.iated.org/view/CHRISTOFOROU2015DEP},
issn = {2340-1079},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED2015)},
pages = {6108--6116},
publisher = {IATED},
series = {9th International Technology, Education and Development Conference},
abstract = {The eClass eLearning Platform (eClass) is the main educational tool of the Open University of Cyprus (OUC), used for facilitating online teaching and learning. Selecting and deploying the best alternative among different candidate services is a major challenge that requires in depth knowledge of the educational process, educators and students needs and all the available solutions. The outcome of this procedure is the introduction of a service that is integrated into eClass. The scope of this paper is to describe and elaborate on the procedure used for the selection and deployment of new services in eClass. Authors provide a description of eClass followed by an analysis of the procedure used to introduce a new service. Next, we report on the deployment phases and challenges faced during each step. Specific project implementations are presented for demonstrating the eClass components. We conclude by presenting the results of a user satisfaction survey of the deployed services.},
keywords = {asynchronous, distance education, elearning, eLearning Platform, lecture capture, plagiarism detection, synchronous, video},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The eClass eLearning Platform (eClass) is the main educational tool of the Open University of Cyprus (OUC), used for facilitating online teaching and learning. Selecting and deploying the best alternative among different candidate services is a major challenge that requires in depth knowledge of the educational process, educators and students needs and all the available solutions. The outcome of this procedure is the introduction of a service that is integrated into eClass. The scope of this paper is to describe and elaborate on the procedure used for the selection and deployment of new services in eClass. Authors provide a description of eClass followed by an analysis of the procedure used to introduce a new service. Next, we report on the deployment phases and challenges faced during each step. Specific project implementations are presented for demonstrating the eClass components. We conclude by presenting the results of a user satisfaction survey of the deployed services. |
 | Rodosthenous, Christos; Christoforou, Petros; Epiphaniou, Michalis; Matheou, Georgia; Mavrotheris, Stathis; Christodoulides, Christopher Plagiarism Detection and Prevention – Experiences From the Open University of Cyprus Proceedings Article In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN15), pp. 1348–1355, IATED, 2015, ISSN: 2340-1117. @inproceedings{RODOSTHENOUS2015PLA,
title = {Plagiarism Detection and Prevention – Experiences From the Open University of Cyprus},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous and Petros Christoforou and Michalis Epiphaniou and Georgia Matheou and Stathis Mavrotheris and Christopher Christodoulides},
url = {https://library.iated.org/view/RODOSTHENOUS2015PLA
https://www.christosrodosthenous.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PLAGIARISM-DETECTION-AND-PREVENTION.pdf},
issn = {2340-1117},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN15)},
pages = {1348--1355},
publisher = {IATED},
series = {7th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies},
abstract = {The introduction of eLearning led to a number of advancements in student assessment and evaluation. Conventional methods of assignment submission, evaluation and feedback were substituted by online workflows and were enhanced with plagiarism detection tools to assist tutors in evaluating large numbers of assignments. The increasing number of eLearning students along with the huge amount of freely accessible information on the Internet, require tools and services for tutors, to assist the grading of student assignments and check the originality of their work. In this paper, we present the methodology used for introducing and delivering a plagiarism detection service in the Open University of Cyprus eLearning platform and integrating it with the assignment submission process. Additionally, we describe the challenges faced during and after the implementation and the actions taken to train tutors in using the service in a proper way. We conclude by presenting an evaluation of the service, both for its educational and technical soundness, along with statistics of its usage during the last four years.},
keywords = {distance education, e-learning, evaluation, plagiarism detection, student assessment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The introduction of eLearning led to a number of advancements in student assessment and evaluation. Conventional methods of assignment submission, evaluation and feedback were substituted by online workflows and were enhanced with plagiarism detection tools to assist tutors in evaluating large numbers of assignments. The increasing number of eLearning students along with the huge amount of freely accessible information on the Internet, require tools and services for tutors, to assist the grading of student assignments and check the originality of their work. In this paper, we present the methodology used for introducing and delivering a plagiarism detection service in the Open University of Cyprus eLearning platform and integrating it with the assignment submission process. Additionally, we describe the challenges faced during and after the implementation and the actions taken to train tutors in using the service in a proper way. We conclude by presenting an evaluation of the service, both for its educational and technical soundness, along with statistics of its usage during the last four years. |
2010
|
 | Rodosthenous, Christos; Kameas, Achilleas; Pintelas, Panagiotis Diplek: an open educational Platform that supports the composition of learning, management and communication services Book Chapter In: Iskander, Magued; Kapila, Vikram; Karim, Mohammad A (Ed.): Technological Developments in Education and Automation, pp. 321–326, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2010, ISBN: 978-90-481-3656-8. @inbook{Rodosthenous2010,
title = {Diplek: an open educational Platform that supports the composition of learning, management and communication services},
author = {Christos Rodosthenous and Achilleas Kameas and Panagiotis Pintelas},
editor = {Magued Iskander and Vikram Kapila and Mohammad A Karim},
url = {https://www.christosrodosthenous.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/DIPLEK-submitted.pdf
www.springerlink.com/content/m2g8j67572w512v7},
doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-3656-8_59},
isbn = {978-90-481-3656-8},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
booktitle = {Technological Developments in Education and Automation},
pages = {321--326},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
address = {Dordrecht},
abstract = {This paper presents Diplek, a Learning Management System (LMS) that addresses the needs of novice users, educators and students. The development of Diplek is based on a service oriented architecture. Among the many services offered by the platform, one can distinguish the innovative Video recording service and the Course creation service that enable instructors to import any type of Learning Object and associate it with metadata. Diplek offers a friendly user interface with dialogs and wizards that help users deal with difficult and time consuming tasks. The platforms architecture (not web-based) enables it to be deployed in both internet and internet-less communities.},
keywords = {distance education, e-learning, eLearning Platform},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
This paper presents Diplek, a Learning Management System (LMS) that addresses the needs of novice users, educators and students. The development of Diplek is based on a service oriented architecture. Among the many services offered by the platform, one can distinguish the innovative Video recording service and the Course creation service that enable instructors to import any type of Learning Object and associate it with metadata. Diplek offers a friendly user interface with dialogs and wizards that help users deal with difficult and time consuming tasks. The platforms architecture (not web-based) enables it to be deployed in both internet and internet-less communities. |